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Living lab

Definition A living lab is an open, user-centered, and collaborative methodological approach that involves real-life environments for co-creating, testing, and evaluating innovations. It engages multiple stakeholders—including end users, researchers, and practitioners—through iterative experimentation and feedback loops. Living labs are used to develop solutions that are contextually relevant, socially acceptable, and practically implementable, bridging research and real-world application.
Sources
  • Westerlund, M., & Leminen, S. (2011). Managing the challenges of becoming an open innovation company. Technology Innovation Management Review.
  • Leminen, S., Nyström, A.-G., & Westerlund, M. (2012). Living labs as open-innovation networks. Technology Innovation Management Review.
  • ENoLL (European Network of Living Labs) – définitions de référence
Approaches
  • Design
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]]> Thu, 15 Jan 2026 16:02:18 +0100 System experiment yeswikipro

System experiment

Definition A system experiment is a methodological approach used to test, explore, or analyze the behavior and performance of a system under controlled or simulated conditions. It involves manipulating variables, inputs, or configurations to observe outcomes and interactions within the system. System experiments are used to understand causal relationships, evaluate potential interventions, and generate insights for decision-making in complex or dynamic systems.
Sources
  • Holland, J. H. (1992). Complex adaptive systems. Daedalus, 121(1), 17–30.
  • Axelrod, R. (1997). The Complexity of Cooperation. Princeton University Press.
  • Sterman, J. D. (2000) (chapitres sur simulation et expérimentation).
Approaches
  • Design
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]]> Thu, 15 Jan 2026 16:01:07 +0100 Indicators yeswikipro

Indicators

Definition Indicators are measurable variables or metrics used within a methodological framework to assess, monitor, or evaluate specific aspects of a system. They provide evidence of progress, performance, or change in relation to defined objectives or standards. Indicators help translate complex concepts into quantifiable or observable measures, supporting analysis, decision-making, and communication of results.
Sources
  • Bell, S., & Morse, S. (2012). Sustainability Indicators. Earthscan.
  • Bossel, H. (1999). Indicators for Sustainable Development. IISD
Approaches
  • Assess
View entry
]]> Thu, 15 Jan 2026 15:59:37 +0100 Assessment framework yeswikipro

Assessment framework

Definition An assessment framework is a structured methodological approach used to evaluate, measure, and interpret the performance, outcomes, or impacts of a system in comparison with a reference for which indicator or with other systems.It defines the criteria, indicators, standards, and processes for systematic assessment, providing a consistent basis for comparison, decision-making, and improvement. Assessment frameworks help ensure transparency, rigor, and clarity in evaluating complex phenomena.
Sources
  • Binder, C. R., et al. (2010). Sustainability assessment of systems and scenarios. Sustainability Science, 5, 71–85.
  • OECD (2008). Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators.
  • FAO (2014). SAFA – Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture systems.
Approaches
  • Assess
View entry
]]> Thu, 15 Jan 2026 15:54:37 +0100 Data mining yeswikipro

Data mining

Definition Data mining is a computational and analytical methodology used to discover patterns, relationships, and structures in large and complex datasets. It combines statistical techniques, machine learning algorithms, and database methods to extract meaningful information from data. Data mining is used for exploratory analysis, prediction, and knowledge generation, particularly when underlying processes are not fully known.
Sources
  • Fayyad, U., Piatetsky-Shapiro, G., & Smyth, P. (1996). From data mining to knowledge discovery in databases. AI Magazine, 17(3), 37–54.
  • Han, J., Kamber, M., & Pei, J. (2012). Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. Morgan Kaufmann.
Approaches
  • Analyse
View entry
]]> Thu, 15 Jan 2026 15:51:19 +0100 Integrated Modeling yeswikipro

Integrated Modeling

Definition Combination of models representing sub-systems together with the use of typologies and spatial databased in order to assess scenarios of system change using a framework of indicators.
Approaches
  • Analyse
  • Assess
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]]> Thu, 15 Jan 2026 15:50:17 +0100 Functional models yeswikipro

Functional models

Definition Functional models are a methodological approach used to quantify a system in terms of its components and the relationships between them and with the system’s environment. They describe what the system does and how key functions interact to produce outcomes, often through flows of information, energy, or resources. Functional models are used to analyze system behavior, identify dependencies and bottlenecks, and support quantitative analysis, assessment (with indicators) or design of complex systems.
Sources
  • de Kleer, J., & Brown, J. S. (1984). A qualitative physics based on confluences. Artificial Intelligence, 24, 7–83.
  • ISO 14040/14044 (Life Cycle Assessment – functional modeling concept).
  • Le Moigne, J.-L. (1990). La modélisation des systèmes complexes. Dunod
Approaches
  • Analyse
CopSyS Resource Supporting Codesign of Agronomic Innovation
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]]> Thu, 15 Jan 2026 15:49:26 +0100 Scenarios yeswikipro

Scenarios

Definition Scenarios are a prospective and exploratory methodology used to construct coherent, plausible representations of alternative future states of a system. They integrate key drivers, uncertainties, and assumptions to explore how different combinations of factors may shape system trajectories. Scenarios are used to support strategic thinking, risk assessment, and decision-making under uncertainty, rather than to predict a single outcome.
Sources
  • Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1995). Scenario planning: A tool for strategic thinking. Sloan Management Review, 36(2), 25–40.
  • Van der Heijden, K. (2005). Scenarios: The Art of Strategic Conversation. Wiley.
  • Peterson, G. D., Cumming, G. S., & Carpenter, S. R. (2003). Scenario planning. Ecology and Society, 7(1).
Approaches
  • Analyse
View entry
]]> Thu, 15 Jan 2026 15:48:20 +0100 Survey yeswikipro

Survey

Definition A survey is a systematic data collection methodology used to gather information from a defined population or sample through standardized questions. Surveys are used for descriptive and analytical purposes, enabling quantitative and qualitative analysis to identify patterns, trends, and relationships among a system’s components and its environment in a consistent and comparable way. When applied to human systems (eg. Farm households) the survey is designed to capture attitudes, perceptions, behaviors, or practices. When applied to biophysical systems (eg. farmer’s fields) the survey is designed to test hypothesis, and possibly quantify, components characteristics and their relationships.
Sources
  • Groves, R. M., et al. (2009). Survey Methodology. Wiley.
  • Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys. Wiley.
Approaches
  • Analyse
View entry
]]> Thu, 15 Jan 2026 15:47:30 +0100 Typologies yeswikipro

Typologies

Definition Typologies are a methodological approach used to classify and organize entities, cases, or phenomena into distinct types based on shared characteristics or patterns. They aim to simplify complexity by identifying meaningful categories that facilitate comparison, interpretation, and analysis. Typologies are often used to structure empirical observations, highlight diversity and similarities within a system, and support theory-building or decision-making, without implying strict boundaries or causal relationships. Typologies can be qualitative when they aim to characterize a diversity of types without quantification of the size of each type and quantitative when they aim to model a population with a limited number of types and a number of individuals for each type.
Sources
  • Bailey, K. D. (1994). Typologies and Taxonomies: An Introduction to Classification Techniques. Sage.
  • Doty, D. H., & Glick, W. H. (1994). Typologies as a unique form of theory building. Academy of Management Review, 19(2), 230–251.
Approaches
  • Analyse
View entry
]]> Thu, 15 Jan 2026 15:46:19 +0100 Fuzzy congnitive map yeswikipro

Fuzzy congnitive map

Definition A Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) is a semi-quantitative modeling methodology used to represent and analyze complex systems through causal relationships between concepts. It consists of a directed graph in which nodes represent system variables or concepts, and weighted links express the strength and direction (positive or negative) of causal influence, using fuzzy logic. FCMs are used to integrate expert knowledge, explore system behavior, simulate scenarios, and support decision-making in situations characterized by uncertainty, incomplete data, and multiple interacting factors.
Sources · Kosko, B. (1986). Fuzzy cognitive maps. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 24(1), 65–75.
· Papageorgiou, E. I., & Salmeron, J. L. (2013). A review of fuzzy cognitive maps research. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 21(1), 66–79
Approaches
  • Define
CopSyS Resource Fuzzy cognitive map for Sustainable Irrigation
A recent study using the method

Farming systems in the Peruvian amazon: A fuzzy cognitive mapping study on the impact of interventions

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]]> Thu, 15 Jan 2026 15:45:12 +0100 Conceptual model yeswikipro

Conceptual model

Definition A conceptual model is a methodological representation that defines and organizes the main concepts, variables, and relationships underlying a system, phenomenon, or research question. It provides an abstract and simplified view of reality, based on theoretical assumptions or stakeholder understanding, to clarify how key elements are expected to interact. Conceptual models are used to frame analysis, guide data collection, and support interpretation, without aiming for detailed quantification or simulation.
Sources
  • Maxwell, J. A., & Loomis, D. M. (2003). Mixed methods design: An alternative approach. Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research.
  • Jabareen, Y. (2009). Building a conceptual framework: Philosophy, definitions, and procedure. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(4), 49–62.
  • Ostrom, E. (2005). Understanding Institutional Diversity. Princeton Universityi.
Approaches
  • Define
CopSyS Resource What is a system?
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]]> Thu, 15 Jan 2026 15:44:21 +0100 System diagram yeswikipro

System diagram

Definition A system diagram is a visual methodology used to represent the structure, components, and interactions of a system. It depicts key elements (such as actors, processes, resources, or variables) and the relationships, flows, and feedback loops between them, in order to make system dynamics explicit. System diagrams are used to support system understanding, analysis, and communication, particularly for complex systems, by clarifying boundaries, interdependencies, and points of intervention.
Sources
  • Sterman, J. D. (2000). Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World. McGraw-Hill.
  • Meadows, D. H. (2008). Thinking in Systems: A Primer. Chelsea Green.
  • Jackson, M. C. (2003). Systems Thinking: Creative Holism for Managers. Wiley.
Approaches
  • Define
View entry
]]> Thu, 15 Jan 2026 15:43:01 +0100 Heuristic map yeswikipro

Heuristic map

Definition A heuristic map is a qualitative, exploratory methodology used to visually organize knowledge, hypotheses, and relationships around a complex issue. It serves as a cognitive tool to support sense-making, problem framing, and learning by mapping key concepts, assumptions, actors, or variables and the connections between them. Rather than aiming for completeness or formal modeling, a heuristic map guides inquiry and decision-making by highlighting patterns, knowledge gaps, and possible pathways for further analysis or action.
Sources
  • Eppler, M. J., & Burkhard, R. A. (2007). Visual representations in knowledge management: Framework and cases. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(4), 112–122.
  • Novak, J. D., & Cañas, A. J. (2008). The theory underlying concept maps and how to construct and use them. IHMC.
  • Checkland, P. (1999). Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Wiley.
Approaches
  • Define
View entry
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